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Question 1
Correct
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Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aspirin:
Your Answer: Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitor
Explanation:Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the resulting inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis results in analgesic, antipyretic and to a lesser extent anti-inflammatory actions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Central Nervous System
- Pharmacology
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Question 2
Correct
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The fluid in contact with a tube is dragged by frictional forces to the tube's sidewalls. This creates a velocity gradient in which the fluid flow is greatest in the tube's centre.Which of the following terms most accurately characterizes this flow pattern?Â
Your Answer: Laminar flow
Explanation:The fluid in contact with a tube is dragged by frictional forces at the tube’s sidewalls. This creates a velocity gradient in which the fluid flow is greatest in the tube’s centre.This is known as laminar flow, and it characterizes the flow in most circulatory and respiratory systems when they are at rest.The velocity of the fluid flow can fluctuate erratically at high velocities, particularly within big arteries and airways, disrupting laminar flow. As a result, resistance increases significantly.This is known as turbulent flow, and symptoms include heart murmurs and asthmatic wheeze.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Cellular Physiology
- Physiology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer: Clearance is defined as the volume of urine that is cleared of a substance per unit time.
Correct Answer: The MDRD equation uses plasma creatinine to estimate the GFR making an adjustment for age, sex and race.
Explanation:Clearance is defined as the volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance per unit time. Inulin clearance is the gold standard for measurement of GFR but creatinine clearance is typically used instead. Creatinine is freely filtered and not reabsorbed, but there is a little creatinine tubular secretion. In practice, GFR is usually estimated from the plasma creatinine using a formula e.g. the MDRD equation making an adjustment for age, sex and race.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
- Renal
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Question 4
Incorrect
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A patient is sent in by her GP with suspected ectopic pregnancy. Tubal ectopic pregnancies occur most commonly in which part of the uterine tube:
Your Answer: Fimbriae
Correct Answer: Ampulla
Explanation:Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ampulla (70% of cases).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Abdomen
- Anatomy
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Question 5
Correct
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A 66-year-old male was admitted from the Emergency Department due to severe pain in the left forearm and hand, refractory to pain medication along with pallor and hypothermia of the affected limb. Ultrasound doppler showed an arterial embolism. Circulation was restored after vascular surgery, but there was extensive, irreversible muscle damage. How will the muscle heal from an injury of this type?
Your Answer: Diffuse formation of fibrous tissue
Explanation:Once muscle tissue is damaged, there will be healing via diffuse formation of fibrous tissue, especially due to the widespread ischemia. Callus formation takes place in the healing of bone, not muscle. Organised scar formation occurs when a lacerated wound is approximated by sutures so that primary intention wound healing can occur. Liquefaction degeneration occurs following ischemia in the brain. Volkmann’s ischemic contracture may occur, but it is not the primary type of healing that will take place but rather the effect of the fibrous scar formation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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Question 6
Correct
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Bordetella pertussis is spread via which of the following routes:
Your Answer: Respiratory droplet route
Explanation:Bordetella pertussis is a Gram negative coccobacillus that causes whooping cough. B. pertussis is spread via the respiratory droplet route and expresses fimbriae that aid their adhesion to the ciliated epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, and produce a number of exotoxins, causing the characteristic thickened bronchial secretions, paralysis of cilia and lymphocytosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Pathogens
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Question 7
Incorrect
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How does abciximab mediate its antiplatelet effect:
Your Answer: It irreversibly inhibits cyclo-oxygenase.
Correct Answer: It is a GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor.
Explanation:Abciximab, eptifibatide and tirofiban are GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, inhibiting platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor and other adhesive molecules.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Pathology
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Question 8
Incorrect
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A suspicious growth on the posterior tongue of a 40-year-old man was discovered by his dentist and was immediately referred for possible oral cancer. The lymph from the posterior tongue will drain to which of the following nodes?
Your Answer: Submental nodes
Correct Answer: Deep cervical nodes
Explanation:Lymph from the medial anterior two thirds of the tongue travels to the deep cervical lymph nodes.Lymph from the lateral anterior tongue goes to the submandibular nodes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head And Neck
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Question 9
Incorrect
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All of the following single clinical risk groups is considered eligible to receive the seasonal influenza vaccination, except:
Your Answer: Patients with diet-controlled diabetes
Correct Answer: Patients with hypertension
Explanation:The following is the list of all the health and age factors that are known to increase a person’s risk of getting serious complications from flu:- Adults 65 years and older- Children younger than 2 years old- Asthma- Neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions- Blood disorders (such as sickle cell disease)- Chronic lung disease (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and cystic fibrosis)- Endocrine disorders (such as diabetes mellitus)- Heart disease (such as congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease)- Kidney diseases- Liver disorders- Metabolic disorders (such as inherited metabolic disorders and mitochondrial disorders)- People who are obese with a body mass index [BMI] of 40 or higher- People younger than 19 years old on long-term aspirin- or salicylate-containing medications.- People with a weakened immune system due to disease (such as people with HIV or AIDS, or some cancers such as leukaemia) or medications (such as those receiving chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer, or persons with chronic conditions requiring chronic corticosteroids or other drugs that suppress the immune system)- People who have had a stroke- Pregnant people and people up to 2 weeks after the end of pregnancy- People who live in nursing homes and other long-term care facilities
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Principles Of Microbiology
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Question 10
Incorrect
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A 17-year-old male patient diagnosed with cystic fibrosis is experiencing shortness of breath, coughing, and flu-like symptoms. His X-ray results shows atelectasis, or collapsed lung, specifically in his lower right lung. All of the following statements are true regarding collapsed lungs, except for which one.
Your Answer: Pulmonary capillary blood will have similar PO 2 and PCO 2
Correct Answer: Atelectasis is an example of a perfusion defect
Explanation:Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the lung. It occurs when the alveoli deflate or are filled with alveolar fluid. It is considered a ventilation defect of the alveoli due to cystic fibrosis. It is not a perfusion defect. A perfusion defect will produce pathological dead space in which the lung alveoli are ventilated adequately but are not perfused, and there is no gas exchange. While with atelectasis, the alveoli remain perfused. However, there is impaired oxygen delivery and intrapulmonary shunting of blood will be present in the collapsed area. Since there is no exchange of gas at the capillary-alveolar interface of the collapsed segments, the pulmonary capillary blood will have similar PO2 and PCO2.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
- Respiratory Physiology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
