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Question 1
Incorrect
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Elevation of the eyeball is primarily produced by which of the following muscles:
Your Answer: Superior rectus and superior oblique
Correct Answer: Superior rectus and inferior oblique
Explanation:Elevation of the eyeball is produced by the superior rectus and the inferior oblique muscles.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head And Neck
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Question 2
Incorrect
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Platelet alpha granules release which of the following?
Your Answer: Thromboxane A2
Correct Answer: Von Willebrand factor (VWF)
Explanation:There are three types of storage granules contained in platelets. These are dense granules which contain the following:-ATP -ADP -serotonin and calcium alpha granules containing clotting factors-von Willebrand factor (VWF)-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)- other proteins lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Basic Cellular
- Physiology
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Regarding meningococcal meningitis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Infection occurs most commonly below the age of 5 years.
Explanation:About half of meningococcal disease occurs in children aged less than five years, and babies are at the highest risk because their immune systems have not yet fully developed. There is a second, smaller increase in risk for older adolescents, mainly for social and behavioural reasons. Infection is most common in winter months. Antibiotics should be given as soon as the diagnosis is suspected (ideally cultures should be performed first but this should not delay treatment), and ceftriaxone/cefuroxime is the first line antibiotic. Only healthcare workers who have been directly exposed to large particle droplets/secretions from the respiratory tract of the index case should receive prophylaxis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Pathogens
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Question 4
Incorrect
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Which of the following types of food is most commonly implicated in anaphylactic reactions:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Nuts
Explanation:Anaphylaxis can be triggered by any of a very broad range of triggers, but those most commonly identified include food, drugs, latex and venom. Of foods, nuts are the most common cause; muscle relaxants, antibiotics, NSAIDs and aspirin are the most commonly implicated drugs. Food is the commonest trigger in children and drugs the commonest in adults. A significant number of cases are idiopathic. Most reactions occur over several minutes; rarely, reactions may be slower in onset. The speed of onset of the reaction depends on the trigger e.g. intravenous medications will cause a more rapid onset than stings which in turn will cause a more rapid onset than ingestion of food.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Pharmacology
- Respiratory
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Which of the following muscles is least likely to be involved in forceful expiration:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: External intercostal muscles
Explanation:Forceful expiration is primarily produced by the deeper thoracic muscles (internal and innermost intercostal muscles, subcostals and transversus thoracis) aided by contraction of the abdominal wall muscles which increase intra-abdominal pressure thus further reducing the volume of the thorax.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Thorax
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Which of the following drug classes may cause bronchoconstriction:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Beta-blockers
Explanation:Beta-blockers, including those considered to be cardioselective, should usually be avoided in patients with a history of asthma, bronchospasm or a history of obstructive airways disease. However, when there is no alternative, a cardioselective beta-blocker can be given to these patients with caution and under specialist supervision. In such cases the risk of inducing bronchospasm should be appreciated and appropriate precautions taken.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Cardiovascular
- Pharmacology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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In adults, the conus medullaris of the spinal cord lies at which of the following vertebral levels:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: L1/L2
Explanation:At birth, the conus medullaris lies at L3. By the age of 21, it sits at L1/L2.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Anatomy
- Head And Neck
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Question 8
Incorrect
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An very unwell patient is receiving treatment in your hospital's HDU and is found to have an Escherichia coli O157 infection.Which one of these statements about Escherichia coli O157 is true?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome develops in approximately 6% of patients
Explanation:Escherichia coli O157 is a serotype of Escherichia coli.The Escherichia coliO157 strain is ‘enterohaemorrhagic’ and causes severe forms of acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea. It can also cause non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Incubation period of Escherichia coli O157 is usually 3-4 days and bloody diarrhoea usually begins on the 3rd or 4th day of the infection.Infections with Escherichia coliO157 are more common during the warmer months than in winter.Haemolytic uraemic syndrome develops in approximately 6% of patients. It is commonly seen in children and in the elderly. Escherichia coli O157 can also cause:Haemorrhagic colitisHaemolytic uraemic syndromeThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura but not immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Microbiology
- Specific Pathogen Groups
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Question 9
Incorrect
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Which of the following cell types in the stomach secretes histamine?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Enterochromaffin-like cells
Explanation:The parietal cells operate in close association with another type of cell called enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells), the primary function of which is to secrete histamine. The ECL cells lie in the deep recesses of the oxyntic glands and therefore release histamine indirect contact with the parietal cells of the glands.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Gastrointestinal
- Physiology
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Question 10
Incorrect
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A 29-year-old woman with anaphylactic reaction to peanuts, had to use her EpiPen on the way to hospital. What percentage of patients with anaphylactic reaction suffer a biphasic response?.
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 20%
Explanation:About 20% of patients that suffer an anaphylactic reaction suffer a biphasic response 4-6 hours after the initial response (sometimes up to 72 hours after).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
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