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Question 1
Incorrect
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Question 2
Incorrect
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What percentage of haemoglobin is HbF by 6 months of age?
Your Answer: 20-25%
Correct Answer:
Explanation:HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 week old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally. Only 2% of the haemoglobin is HbF.
Embryonic Haemoglobin:
Haemoglobin Gower 1 (HbE Gower-1)
Haemoglobin Gower 2 (HbE Gower-2)
Haemoglobin Portland I (HbE Portland-1)
Haemoglobin Portland II (HbE Portland-2)Fetal Haemoglobin (haemoglobin F, HbF)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 3
Correct
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According to the UK food standards agency which of the following RDIs (recommended daily intake) is 3 times higher in pregnancy than the non-pregnant state?
Your Answer: Folic Acid
Explanation:Folic Acid should be increased in diet of a pregnant women. Deficiency will lead to neural tube defects i.e. spina bifida.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 4
Incorrect
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Question 5
Incorrect
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During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?
Your Answer: Proliferation
Correct Answer: Remodelling
Explanation:Realignment of collagen is part of the remodelling phase. Remodelling is usually underway by week 3. Maximum tensile wound strength is typically achieved by week 12.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological
Your Answer: Systolic murmur
Correct Answer: Diastolic murmur
Explanation:Diastolic murmurs should be considered pathological until proven otherwise. The following are common and typically benign findings in pregnancy: A third heart sound after mid-pregnancy. Systolic flow murmurs are common. Left axis deviation on ECG is common, Sagging ST segments and inversion or flattening of the T wave in lead III may also occur
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation:
Your Answer: Day 21 oestrogen level is elevated
Correct Answer: Regular cycle with dysmenorrhea
Explanation:Ovulation in the menstrual cycle usually occurs over 4 days. There is an increase in basal body temperature at the time of ovulation due to the effect of progesterone.
A high Day 21 progesterone level indicates ovulation and the release of an egg.
Dysmenorrhea is described as painful menstruation. The symptoms start at the time of ovulation and persist till menstruation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 8
Incorrect
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Which one of the following statements regarding oestrogen is correct?
Your Answer: Can not be detected in the blood of postmenopausal women
Correct Answer: It is produced in the corpus luteum
Explanation:Oestrogen is secreted by the corpus luteum and is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium to prepare it for the implantation of the zygote.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 9
Correct
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Which of the following pubertal events is NOT mediated by gonadal oestrogen production?
Your Answer: Pubic hair growth
Explanation:The role of androgens in the female includes acting as precursors for oestrogen production, anabolic effects, stimulation of axillary and pubic hair growth, sebum production, stimulation of bone formation, and stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidneys.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 10
Incorrect
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What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?
Your Answer: Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Correct Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism
Explanation:Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia with incidence rates in the UK approximately 30 per 100,000 The majority of patients are postmenopausal women.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 11
Incorrect
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Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with no sub-nuclear vacuoles. The stroma is oedematous, & a tortuous gland contains secretions. These findings are consistent with which stage of the menstrual cycle?
Your Answer: Mid-proliferative
Correct Answer: Mid-secretory
Explanation:During mid secretory phase, the endometrium cells undergo distension, become more tortuous and are lined by columnar cells.
In the early proliferative phase, the glandular epithelium is cubo-columnar, while in the late proliferative phase, the glands increase in size, becoming tortuous and there is pseudostratification of the epithelium. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 12
Incorrect
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During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?
Your Answer: Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)
Correct Answer: Macrophages
Explanation:PMNs phagocytise debris and kill bacteria via free radicals (AKA respiratory burst). They also break down damaged tissue. PMNs typically undergo apoptosis after 48 hours. They are then engulfed and degraded by macrophages. Macrophages therefore become the predominant cell type in the wound on days 3-4.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 13
Incorrect
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Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia?
Your Answer: Excessive fetal movements
Correct Answer: Type II (late) decelerations with tachycardia
Explanation:A type II deceleration is due to placental insufficiency which can result in fetal distress and asphyxia. The fetal heart rate is lowest at the start of the contraction and returns to normal after the contraction is complete.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 14
Incorrect
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Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?
Your Answer: 7.26
Correct Answer: 7.18
Explanation:A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 15
Incorrect
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During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates the extrinsic pathway?
Your Answer: Fibrin
Correct Answer: Tissue Factor
Explanation:The extrinsic pathway is activated by the tissue factor, which converts factor VII to VIIa which later on converts factors X and II to their activated form finally leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibres.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 16
Correct
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Regarding the renal tract during pregnancy, the following are true, EXCEPT:
Your Answer: The bladder tone increases
Explanation:Incontinence in women is typically related to dysfunction of the bladder or pelvic floor muscles, with such dysfunction often arising during pregnancy or childbirth, or at the time of menopause.
A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increased blood volume and vasculature.
Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis, which are normal.
There is an increase in glomerular filtration rate associated with an increase in creatinine clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and urinary glucose excretion.
There is also an increase in sodium retention from the renal tube so oedema and water retention is a common sign in pregnant women -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 17
Incorrect
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Which of the following increases during pregnancy?
Your Answer: Total Lung Capacity
Correct Answer: Tidal Volume
Explanation:Ventilation begins to increase significantly at around 8 weeks of gestation, most likely in response to progesterone-related sensitization of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and the increased metabolic rate. Significant alterations occur in the mechanical aspects of ventilation during pregnancy. Minute ventilation (or the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in 1 minute) is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate and increases by approximately 30–50 per cent with pregnancy. The increase is primarily a result of tidal volume, which increases by 40 per cent (from 500 to 700 mL), because the respiratory rate remains unchanged. The increase in minute ventilation is perceived by the pregnant woman as shortness of breath, which affects 60–70 per cent of women. This physiological dyspnoea is usually mild and affects 50 per cent of women before 20 weeks gestation, but resolves immediately postpartum.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 18
Incorrect
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Which of the following is probably responsible for physiologic hyperventilation during pregnancy?
Your Answer: Large fluctuations in plasma bicarbonate
Correct Answer: Increased progesterone production
Explanation:Progesterone gradually increases during the course of pregnancy, from 25 ng⋅mL−1 at 6 weeks’ to 150 ng⋅mL−1 at 37 weeks’ gestation. Progesterone acts as trigger of the primary respiratory centre by increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide, as indicated by the steeper slope of the ventilation curve in response to alveolar carbon dioxide changes. Progesterone alters the smooth muscle tone of the airways resulting in a bronchodilator effect. It also mediates hyperaemia and oedema of mucosal surfaces, causing nasal congestion.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 19
Incorrect
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Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions?
Your Answer: Hind water leakage
Correct Answer: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Explanation:Oesophageal atresia/TE fistula may be suspected prenatally with ultrasound findings of polyhydramnios, absence of fluid in the stomach, small sized abdomen, or the presence of a dilated proximal oesophageal pouch. An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 20
Incorrect
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What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?
Your Answer: HbF
Correct Answer: Hb Gower 1
Explanation:HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 weeks old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 21
Incorrect
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The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:
Your Answer: A change in the patient's weight
Correct Answer: 40 weeks after last menstrual period
Explanation:Expected date of delivery/estimated due date (EDD) is a calculated date (i.e., an estimation), determined by counting forward 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 22
Incorrect
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What is the typical volume increase of a non-pregnant uterus to term uterus?
Your Answer: 1000ml to 5000ml
Correct Answer: 10ml to 5000ml
Explanation:Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term. The uterus is 50–60 g with a volume of approximately 10ml prior to pregnancy and 1000 – 1200 g with a volume of 5000ml by term.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 23
Incorrect
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Regarding heart rate in pregnancy which of the following statements is true?
Your Answer: None of the above
Correct Answer: Heart rate increases by 15 beats per minute
Explanation:The following cardiovascular changes occur during pregnancy:
– Blood volume slowly increases by 40-50%
– Heart rate rises by 15 beats/min above baseline
– Stroke volume increases by 25-30%
– Cardiac output increases by approximately 30-50%
– Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases by 20-30%
– Diastolic blood pressure consequently decreases between 12 and 26 weeks but increases again to pre-pregnancy levels by 36 weeks.
As most of the changes occur in the first 12 weeks of gestation cardiac problems are likely to present in early pregnancy -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 24
Incorrect
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All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except?
Your Answer: Cephalo pelvic disproportion
Correct Answer: Anencephaly
Explanation:Anencephaly means the missing of a particular portion of the scalp and brain tissue. The other factors listed are associated with umbilical cord prolapse like multiparity, twin birth, polyhydramnios, premature delivery, long umbilical cord or breech presentation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 25
Incorrect
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The following are presumptive skin signs of pregnancy, except:
Your Answer: Spider telangiectasis
Correct Answer: Maculo-papular rash
Explanation:Skin signs during pregnancy may include: dark spots on the breasts, nipples and inner thighs, melasma (chloasma), linea nigra, stretch marks, acne, spider telangiectasis and varicose veins.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 26
Incorrect
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After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the:
Your Answer: Umbilical arteries
Correct Answer: Hepatic portal vein
Explanation:Immediately after birth the liver is deprived of the large flow of blood supplied during foetal development via the umbilical vein and portal sinus. Simultaneously the blood pressure in the portal sinus, previously as high as in the umbilical vein, falls.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 27
Incorrect
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Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?
Your Answer: Folic acid
Correct Answer: All of the options given
Explanation:The nutritional status of a woman before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy is a state of increased requirement of macro and micronutrients, and malnourishment or inadequate dietary intake before and during pregnancy, can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes. Many nutritional interventions have been proposed for pregnant mothers. These include multiple micronutrients (MMN), iron/folate, balanced protein energy, calcium, zinc and folic acid supplementation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 28
Incorrect
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During pregnancy, maternal oestrogen levels increase markedly. Most of this oestrogen is produced by the:
Your Answer: Uterus
Correct Answer: Placenta
Explanation:The placenta does not have all the necessary enzymes to make oestrogens from cholesterol, or even progesterone. Human trophoblast lack 17-hydroxylase and therefore cannot convert C21-steroids to C19-steroids, the immediate precursors of oestrogen. To bypass this deficit, dehydroisoandrosterone sulphate (DHA) from the fetal adrenal is converted to estradiol-17ί by trophoblasts. In its key location as a way station between mother and foetus, placenta can use precursors from either mother or foetus to circumvent its own deficiencies in enzyme activities.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 29
Correct
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In normal pregnancy, the value of β-hCG doubles every:
Your Answer: 2 days
Explanation:During early pregnancy, hCG can be detected in the maternal serum as early as 6 to 8 days after fertilization. hCG levels are dynamically increased and doubled every 48 h in most normal pregnancies, and this pattern is similar in both in vivo or in vitro (IVF) conceptions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 30
Incorrect
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A sure sign of pregnancy is:
Your Answer: Nausea and vomiting
Correct Answer: Auscultation of fetal heart
Explanation:Classifications of Pregnancy Signs:
Presumptive signs — possibility of pregnancy
Probable signs — most likelihood of indicating pregnancy
Positive signs — confirmation of pregnancy
Auscultation of fetal heart is the only positive sign amongst the rest of the answers. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 31
Incorrect
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The maternal blood volume in normal pregnancy:
Your Answer: Increases 10%
Correct Answer: Increases up to 40%
Explanation:Changes in the cardiovascular system in pregnancy are profound and begin early in pregnancy, such that by eight weeks’ gestation, the cardiac output has already increased by 20%. The primary event is probably peripheral vasodilatation. This is mediated by endothelium-dependent factors, including nitric oxide synthesis, upregulated by oestradiol and possibly vasodilatory prostaglandins (PGI2). Peripheral vasodilation leads to a 25–30% fall in systemic vascular resistance, and to compensate for this, cardiac output increases by around 40% during pregnancy.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 32
Incorrect
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The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at:
Your Answer: 18 weeks of pregnancy
Correct Answer: 10 weeks of pregnancy
Explanation:During the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, concentrations of hCG in the blood and urine usually double every 24 hours. Levels of the hormone typically peak at around 10 weeks, decline until 16 weeks, then remain constant.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 33
Correct
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Ovulation may be indicated by all the following, EXCEPT:
Your Answer: Mid-cycle elevation in prolactin
Explanation:An elevation in serum PRL is associated with a variety of reproductive disorders, including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, anovulation and/or luteal phase defects with subsequent infertility.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 34
Correct
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Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red blood cell antigens in vivo?
Your Answer: Direct Coombs
Explanation:When the red cells are coated with immune IgG antibody, the cells do not agglutinate but when anti-IgG antiserum is added to these sensitized cells visible agglutination occurs. This is known as a positive direct coombs test.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 35
Correct
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The resting pulse in pregnancy is:
Your Answer: Increased by 10 to 15 bpm
Explanation:During pregnancy cardiac output increases by 30 to 50%. As a result, the resting pulse speeds up from a normal of about 70 bpm to 80 or 90 bpm.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 36
Correct
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What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?
Your Answer: Endometrial gland proliferation
Explanation:During follicular phase, there is an increase in gonadotrophin hormones and a proliferation of the endometrium occurs. The duration of the cycle depends upon the overall length of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone levels are increased in the luteal phase and not in follicular phase.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 37
Incorrect
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Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common?
Your Answer: Diabetes
Correct Answer: Idiopathic
Explanation:Maternal disorders, such as diabetes, in-utero infections, drug usage, placental abnormalities and fetal conditions as congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, Rh iso-immunization, and multiple gestations, are generally associated with polyhydramnios. Congenital abnormalities such as duodenal, oesophageal, or intestinal atresia of the foetus are the most common malformations that typically cause gastro-intestinal obstruction and interfere with fetal swallowing and/or absorption resulting with polyhydramnios. However, in about 70% of cases, none of the aforementioned aetiologies are causes of polyhydramnios, and it is referred to as idiopathic or isolated.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 38
Incorrect
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All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT:
Your Answer: Foetus with duodenal atresia or neural tube defect
Correct Answer: IUGR
Explanation:An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 39
Incorrect
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When does ovulation occur?
Your Answer: 6-8 hours after LH surge
Correct Answer: 36 hours after LH surge
Explanation:Ovulation occurs in the mid stage of the menstrual cycle, usually 36 hours after the LH surge. It is this LH surge which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 40
Incorrect
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If a sample of cervical mucus is taken on the 12th day of the menstrual cycle and examined under the microscope, what kind of findings would be observed?
Your Answer: Calcium citrate
Correct Answer: A fern pattern characteristic of oestrogen
Explanation:Fern test looks for a specific fern like pattern of cervical mucus when observed under light microscope after the sample is dried. It occurs due to the presence of sodium chloride under oestrogen influence whereas progesterone opposes it.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 41
Incorrect
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Spinnbarkheit is a term which means:
Your Answer: Crystallization of the cervical mucous
Correct Answer: Threading of the cervical mucous
Explanation:Spinnability (or Spinnbarkeit), which measures the capacity of fluids to be drawn into threads, represents an indirect measurement of the adhesive and elastic properties of mucus.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 42
Correct
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A 29-year-old gravida 6, para 5 woman at 36 weeks of gestation arrives in the ED via ambulance and precipitously delivers a male child. The child coughs and has a strong cry. He is very active. Acrocyanosis is noted. Heart rate is 98 bpm and breathing is strong. What is this child’s Apgar score?
Your Answer: 5
Explanation:The Apgar test scores appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration and is generally done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth but may be repeated if the child continues to score low (Table). This child’s score is as follows: Appearance, 1; Pulse, 1; Grimace, 2; Activity, 2; Respiration, 2 (APGAR score = 8). A score of 3 or less is generally regarded as critically low, 4 to 6 is fairly low, and 7 to 10 is generally normal. Contrary to common belief, the Apgar score is not used to decide if a neonate requires resuscitation. Decisions about resuscitation are based on emergency assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation.5,6
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 43
Incorrect
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Which of the following statements is true regarding renal blood flow in pregnancy?
Your Answer: Increases by approximately 10%
Correct Answer: Increases by approximately 50%
Explanation:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rises immediately after conception and increases by about 50 per cent overall, reaching its maximum at the end of the first trimester. GFR then falls by about 20 per cent in the third trimester, returning to pre-pregnancy levels within 12 weeks of delivery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 44
Incorrect
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Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy:
Your Answer: Core temperature
Correct Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin
Explanation:Thyroid function in pregnancy is altered in two ways; the circulating levels of the thyroid binding proteins are increased, resulting in an increase in the total circulating levels of thyroid hormones (but a slight fall in the free component).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 45
Incorrect
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Which of the following statements is true regarding heart rate in pregnancy?
Your Answer: Heart rate increases by 25 beats per minute
Correct Answer: Heart rate increases by 15 beats per minute
Explanation:During the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, cardiac output increases by about 30-50%. To maintain this increase, systemic vascular resistance decreases by 20-30%, while stroke volume and the heart rate increase by 25-30% and 15 beats per minute respectively.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 46
Correct
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The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days menstrual cycle is:
Your Answer: Progesterone
Explanation:After ovulation, the dominant follicle turns into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone. To confirm ovulation, serum progesterone or its metabolite in urine, can be measured. A single serum progesterone level >3 ng/ml in mid‐luteal phase has been used to retrospectively detect ovulation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 47
Incorrect
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The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:
Your Answer: Nuchal pad thickening
Correct Answer: Crown rump length
Explanation:Fetal ultrasound scanning is considered an essential part of routine antenatal care with first trimester scans recommended for confirming viability, accurate estimation of gestational age and determining the number of foetuses. Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is measured in early pregnancy primarily to determine the gestation age (GA) of a foetus and is most reliable between 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation, but not beyond.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 48
Incorrect
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Maternal mortality rate is lowest in which age group?
Your Answer: 50 - 60
Correct Answer: 20 - 30
Explanation:The maternal mortality rate starts low and raises steeply after the age of 30 years. The lowest mortality rate recorded among women is between 19-30 years of age group.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 49
Incorrect
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If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is known as:
Your Answer: Corpus granulosa
Correct Answer: Corpus albicans
Explanation:Corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus leuteum. It is formed when the corpus leuteum is engulfed by macrophages and a scar or fibrous tissue is formed, called the corpus albicans.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 50
Incorrect
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Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological?
Your Answer: T-wave flattening in lead III on ECG
Correct Answer: Diastolic murmur
Explanation:Diastolic murmurs occur in conditions such as mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis and even in carditis. They are always pathological during pregnancy. Systolic murmurs and left axis deviation may be normal during pregnancy due to an increase in the blood volume and load on the heart.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 51
Incorrect
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In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged:
Your Answer: ERV
Correct Answer: FEV1
Explanation:The biochemical and mechanical effects of progesterone and the enlarging uterus are responsible for some changes in lung function during pregnancy.
Progesterone increases the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to arterial carbon dioxide while also causing hyperaemia in the airway leading to nasal obstruction. As a result, minute ventilation and tidal volume increase by 50% to allow greater arterial oxygen saturation.
The enlarging uterus displaces the diaphragm upwards, and also limits the movement of the thoracic cage, thereby decreasing the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) by 20%.
Functional Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) remain unchanged in pregnancy.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 52
Incorrect
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In the foetus, the most well oxygenated blood flows into which part of the heart:
Your Answer: Ligamentum venosum
Correct Answer: Right atrium
Explanation:The placenta accepts the blue, unoxygenated blood from the foetus through blood vessels that leave the foetus through the umbilical cord (umbilical arteries, there are two of them). When blood goes through the placenta it picks up oxygen and becomes red. The red blood then returns to the foetus via the third vessel in the umbilical cord, the umbilical vein. The red blood that enters the foetus passes through the fetal liver and enters the right side of the heart.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 53
Incorrect
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Which of the following factors is fetal nutrition dependant on?
Your Answer: Maternal nutrient stores
Correct Answer: All of the options given
Explanation:Fetal nutrition is dependant upon multiple factors such as maternal nutritional state, quality of maternal diet, malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, metabolic rate of the mother or whether they suffer from malabsorption syndrome or other related conditions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 54
Incorrect
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What is the typical weight of a term uterus?
Your Answer: 400g
Correct Answer: 1200g
Explanation:Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood distributed to the intervillous spaces of the placentae, and 20 per cent to the uterine myometrium. Weight of the uterus increases from 50–60 g prior to pregnancy to 1000 g by term.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 55
Incorrect
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Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins?
Your Answer: Have no role in the development of menorrhagia
Correct Answer: Are involved in the onset of labour
Explanation:Prostaglandins are involved in the uterine contraction and cervical dilatation during labour. Higher prostaglandin concentrations can also lead to severe menstrual cramps.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 56
Incorrect
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In a pregnant lady with polyhydramnios, the cause could be:
Your Answer: Foetus with polycystic kidney disease
Correct Answer: Foetus with oesophageal-atresia
Explanation:An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 57
Incorrect
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Fetal blood is returned to the umbilical arteries & the placenta via the:
Your Answer: Foramen ovale
Correct Answer: Hypogastric arteries
Explanation:In the foetus, the hypogastric artery ascends along the side of the bladder, and runs upward on the back of the anterior wall of the abdomen to the umbilicus, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side. Having passed through the umbilical opening, the two arteries, now termed umbilical, enter the umbilical cord, where they are coiled around the umbilical vein, and ultimately ramify in the placenta.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 58
Correct
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We can detect the fetal heart beat by Sonography (transvaginal) at:
Your Answer: 6 weeks
Explanation:The earliest fetal heart rate detected transvaginally was at 6 weeks 0 days of gestation compared with 7 weeks 0 days transabdominally. The transvaginal Doppler method was also more successful in detecting the fetal heart rate in women with a retroverted uterus (p < or = 0.01).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 59
Incorrect
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During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much as:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 50%
Explanation:Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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Question 60
Incorrect
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What is the typical weight of a non-pregnant premenopausal uterus?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 40g
Explanation:Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood. The uterus is 50–60 g prior to pregnancy and 1000 g by term. The volume increases from 10 ml to 5000ml approx. It is around 40g at menopause.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Physiology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
