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  • Question 1 - A 72-year-old woman presents with a 3 month history of colicky abdominal pain...

    Incorrect

    • A 72-year-old woman presents with a 3 month history of colicky abdominal pain after eating, and diarrhoea. She has lost 7 kg in weight over the last few months. A recent gastroscopy and colonoscopy were normal. Her past medical history includes angina and a right carotid endarterectomy at the age of 62 years. Her current medication includes aspirin, atenolol, simvastatin and losartan. right carotid endarterectomy at the age of 62 years. Her current medication includes aspirin, atenolol, simvastatin and losartan. Blood tests revealed: Haemoglobin (Hb) 118 g/l, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80 fl, White cell count (WCC) 12.3 x 109/L, Platelets 210 x 109/L, Na+ 133 mmol/L, K+ 5.2 mmol/L, Urea 8.1 mmol/L, Creatinine 134 mmol/L. Select the most appropriate further investigations.

      Your Answer: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen

      Correct Answer: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen

      Explanation:

      The patient is 74 years old. She has had a recent gastroscopy and colonoscopy. She has a history of angina and a right CEA. She is having colicky abdominal pain after meals and weight loss, which points to a possible diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia. Thus, you would want to do a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen to look for this. A 24 hour cardiac monitor would also be helpful to look for any abnormal rhythm that could be a potential aetiology of her disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      81.3
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  • Question 2 - A 57-year-old school teacher is found to have abnormal liver function tests at...

    Correct

    • A 57-year-old school teacher is found to have abnormal liver function tests at a health screening. Other than tiredness and occasional gritty eyes that she attributes to age, she is well. She is postmenopausal and takes hormone replacement therapy (HRT) but no other medication. She smokes 12 cigarettes per day but takes no alcohol. There is nothing to find on examination. Some of her blood results are shown below: Albumin 40 g/l (37–49) Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) 14 U/l (5–35) Alkaline Phosphatase 300 U/l (45–105) AMA positive >1:40 Anti-dsDNA weakly positive Bilirubin 12 μmol/l (1–22) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l (>1.55) Liver–kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM) negative Liver transaminase (AST) 10 U/l (1–31) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 4.0 mmol/l (<3.36) Plasma thromboplastin (PT) 12 s (11.5–15.5) Smooth muscle antibody (SMA) negative Which of the following would be an appropriate next step?

      Your Answer: Ursodeoxycholic acid

      Explanation:

      The patient is AMA+ and weakly + for anti-dsDNA, suggesting an autoimmune process. She also has gritty eyes, which makes you think Sjogren’s syndrome. She has an elevated ALP and normal AST/ ALT. All of these factors, in addition to her middle age and the fact that she is a woman, make the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) most likely. It is associated with conditions (autoimmune) such as Sjogren’s syndrome. The treatment for this disease initially is ursodeoxycholic acid. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for end-stage disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      106
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  • Question 3 - A 36-year-old lady presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant pain....

    Incorrect

    • A 36-year-old lady presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant pain. She has also noticed that her skin seems slightly yellower over the last week or so and you notice a yellow tinge to her sclera. On further questioning, she complains of itching of her arms. Her only past medical history of note includes ulcerative colitis for which she takes mesalazine. Given her presentation, what is the best investigation to diagnose the most likely underlying condition?

      Your Answer: Liver ultrasound

      Correct Answer: ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)

      Explanation:

      With biliary obstructive symptoms in a patient with ulcerative colitis, one should immediately think of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). PSC is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts. The best diagnostic test for PSC is ERCP. ANCA antibiotics may be positive, but not the best test to DIAGNOSE THE CONDITION. The same can be said of serum transaminase levels– they will be abnormal but nonspecific. While a liver ultrasound may be helpful, it is not the best test. Liver biopsy would be used to stage the PSC later.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      44.1
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  • Question 4 - A 48-year-old ex-footballer with a long history of alcohol abuse, presents with epigastric...

    Incorrect

    • A 48-year-old ex-footballer with a long history of alcohol abuse, presents with epigastric pain. Which of the following suggests a diagnosis of peptic ulceration rather than chronic pancreatitis?

      Your Answer: Back pain

      Correct Answer: Relieved by food

      Explanation:

      Relief of symptoms with food suggests duodenal ulceration, for which the pain gets worse on an empty stomach. In chronic pancreatitis, you would expect worsening of symptoms with food.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      13.1
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  • Question 5 - An 82-year-old woman is brought in by her carer with fluctuating consciousness. On...

    Incorrect

    • An 82-year-old woman is brought in by her carer with fluctuating consciousness. On examination she is deeply jaundiced, hypotensive with a tachycardia and has a hepatic flap. Initial blood tests reveal an ALT of 1000 U/l, INR 3.4, ALP 600 U/l and a bilirubin of 250 mmol/l. Repeat blood tests 6 hours later show an ALT of 550 U/l, INR 4.6, ALP 702 U/l and bilirubin of 245 m mol/l. The toxicology screen for paracetamol and aspirin is negative; she is positive for hepatitis B surface antibody and negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. Which of the following would best explain her clinical condition?

      Your Answer: Reactivation of hepatitis B infection

      Correct Answer: Acute liver failure secondary to paracetamol

      Explanation:

      Liver flap is pathognomonic for liver failure. Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) overdose usually presents with symptoms including liver failure, resulting in confusion, jaundice, and coagulopathy a few days after overdose. The first 24 hours, people usually have minimal symptoms. Diagnosis is based on blood levels of acetaminophen at specific times after it was taken (see reference). If she took it a few days ago, levels may indeed be undetectable. The hepatitis B serology suggests prior vaccination. Wilson’s disease is not the most likely diagnosis given her presentation. The AST:ALT ratio would be expected to be reversed in alcohol induced liver failure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      60.2
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  • Question 6 - A 20-year-old student presents to the university health service complaining of flu-like symptoms,...

    Incorrect

    • A 20-year-old student presents to the university health service complaining of flu-like symptoms, lethargy and jaundiced sclerae and an inability to eat due to a sore throat. He remembered that his father may have suffered from a liver condition. On further questioning a history of intravenous drug use on two occasions is identified. Investigations reveal: Alanine transaminase (ALT) 23 U/l, Aspartate transaminase (AST) 28 U/l, Bilirubin 78 μmol/L, Albumin 41g/l. Which of the following diagnoses fits best with this clinical picture?

      Your Answer: Hepatitis C

      Correct Answer: Gilbert’s syndrome

      Explanation:

      When a patient presents with an illness (unrelated to the liver) or a stressful event on the body, and develops asymptomatic jaundice, think Gilbert’s syndrome. It is autosomal dominant. It is an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia from impaired glucuronyl transferase. Classically, Crigler-Najjar would be in infants, and it would be symptomatic. It is also an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      54.6
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  • Question 7 - A 48-year-old man with a two year history of ulcerative colitis, has been...

    Incorrect

    • A 48-year-old man with a two year history of ulcerative colitis, has been receiving parenteral nutrition for 4 months. He has developed a dermatitis and has noticed some loss of hair. Serum biochemistry shows a marginally raised glucose concentration and a lower alkaline phosphatase activity. Which of the following is the most likely?

      Your Answer: Copper deficiency

      Correct Answer: Zinc deficiency

      Explanation:

      Zinc deficiency can present with alopecia, dermatitis, poor growth, increased susceptibility to infection, and cognitive deficiency. Magnesium deficiency can cause fatigue, cramping and an irregular EKG. Copper deficiency can present with fatigue and weakness. Chromium deficiency can present with hyperglycaemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      64.7
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  • Question 8 - A 25-year-old man presents with bloody diarrhoea associated with systemic upset. Blood tests...

    Correct

    • A 25-year-old man presents with bloody diarrhoea associated with systemic upset. Blood tests show the following: Hb 13.4 g/dL, Platelets 467 * 109/L, WBC 8.2 * 109/L, CRP 89 mg/l A diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is suspected. Which part of the bowel is most likely to be affected?

      Your Answer: Rectum

      Explanation:

      The most COMMON site of inflammation from ulcerative colitis is the rectum, making this the correct answer. This is simply a fact you need to memorize. In general, ulcerative colitis only occurs in colorectal regions– nothing in the small bowel (unless there is backwash into the terminal ileum) and nothing further up the GI tract. In Crohn’s it can affect the entire GI tract from mouth to anus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
      28.1
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  • Question 9 - A 50 year old man undergoes a colonoscopy due to the finding of...

    Incorrect

    • A 50 year old man undergoes a colonoscopy due to the finding of blood in his stools. The colonoscopy revealed four polyps which were variable in size from one at 0.5cm, 2 at approximately 1.5cm and one at 2 cm. When should this patient have a follow up colonoscopy?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 3 years

      Explanation:

      For the question, you need knowledge of the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines. This patient has 3-4 adenomas with 3 of them > 1 cm. This places him at medium risk and the recommendation if for a 3-year follow up period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 10 - The increased risk of oesophageal malignancy in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus is approximately:...

    Incorrect

    • The increased risk of oesophageal malignancy in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus is approximately:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 50 - 100 times risk

      Explanation:

      Barrett’s oesophagus is the transformation of the normal squamous epithelium of the oesophagus to columnar, intestinal type epithelium. It is often seen in patients with reflux and there is a 50-100 fold increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 11 - Hepatitis C is what kind of virus? ...

    Incorrect

    • Hepatitis C is what kind of virus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A variable RNA virus

      Explanation:

      Hepatitis C is a single-stranded positive sense RNA virus. It is variable because of the high rate of error of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the pressure from the host immune system has caused HCV to evolve and develop seven genetic lineages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 12 - An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her...

    Incorrect

    • An 18 year old prospective medical student is tested for hepatitis B. Her liver tests show alanine transaminase (ALT) 120 U/L and serology shows her to be positive for HBsAg, HBcAb and HBeAg, with a viral load of 105 genome equivalents/mL. A liver biopsy is reported as showing early fibrosis with evidence of moderate inflammation. Which of the following treatments should be offered?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Interferon alfa 2b

      Explanation:

      Interferon alfa alone, not interferon alfa and ribavirin, has been shown to achieve HBeAg seroconversion for patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 13 - A 28-year-old woman is investigated for bloody diarrhoea which started around six weeks...

    Incorrect

    • A 28-year-old woman is investigated for bloody diarrhoea which started around six weeks ago. She is currently passing 3-4 loose stools a day which normally contain a small amount of blood. Other than feeling lethargic she remains systemically well with no fever or significant abdominal pain. A colonoscopy is performed which shows inflammatory changes in the ascending colon consistent with ulcerative colitis. Bloods show the following: Hb: 14.2 g/dL, Platelets: 323 * 109/L, WBC: 8.1 * 109/L, CRP: 22 mg/l. What is the most appropriate first-line medication to induce remission?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Oral aminosalicylate

      Explanation:

      Given she is not showing signs of systemic illness, you do not need to treat for an acute flair (which would be steroids), but you need to put her on maintenance medication. Oral ASA would be the best option for this, it is first line. You cannot give rectal ASA because the location of her disease is in the ascending colon and the enema will not reach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 14 - Which one of the following statements regarding hepatocellular carcinoma is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following statements regarding hepatocellular carcinoma is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor

      Explanation:

      Diabetes is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Screening has been shown to be effective. Bevacizumab is not used for advanced cases. The incidence is higher in men. Alcohol is not the most common underlying cause worldwide; this is from cirrhosis from diseases like hepatitis B and C.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 15 - A 33-year-old lady who is known hepatitis C positive comes to your clinic....

    Incorrect

    • A 33-year-old lady who is known hepatitis C positive comes to your clinic. She is 28 weeks pregnant and her obstetrician wants you to assess her and provide medical advice for the mother and child. Which of the following statements concerning hepatitis C are most accurate in her case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Breast-feeding does not increase the risk of transmission

      Explanation:

      Breast feeding has not been shown to increase the risk of transmission of HCV from mother to baby. This is simply a fact to memorize. The other answer choices are not the most accurate as there is no evidence-proven way to decrease the chance that baby will get HCV from the mother during the birth. About 5 out of every 100 infants born to HCV infected mothers become infected.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 16 - A 55-year-old obese woman presents to casualty. She has rigors and reports a...

    Incorrect

    • A 55-year-old obese woman presents to casualty. She has rigors and reports a fever. On examination there is jaundice and tenderness over the right upper quadrant of her abdomen. She has an elevated white blood cell count and a markedly raised alkaline phosphatase level; transaminases and bilirubin are also abnormal. Which of these diagnoses best fits the clinical picture?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ascending cholangitis

      Explanation:

      This question describes Charcot’s triad– fever, RUQ pain, and jaundice, which is seen in ascending cholangitis. Reynold’s pentad is a worsened version of this, where you have RUQ pain, fever, jaundice, hypotension, and altered mental status. Risk factors for gallstones are the 4F’s- female, fat, forty, and fertile. You would not have the elevated bilirubin, ALP, transaminases with a kidney stone or in peptic ulcer disease. Hepatitis would not cause elevation of bilirubin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 17 - If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent...

    Incorrect

    • If a patient has HIV what is the most likely cause of persistent watery diarrhoea?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cryptosporidium

      Explanation:

      When you have a patient with HIV and diarrhoea on the exam, think Cryptosporidium. In those who are immunocompetent this organism doesn’t usually cause symptoms, but in immunocompromised people like those with HIV, it causes infection and diarrhoea. Typically those with CD4 counts of <100 cells/µL1 have the greatest risk for prolonged, severe, or extraintestinal cryptosporidiosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 18 - A 55-year-old lady, known with rheumatoid arthritis, complains of increasing numbness and tingling...

    Incorrect

    • A 55-year-old lady, known with rheumatoid arthritis, complains of increasing numbness and tingling in her feet and hands. She has recently developed an ulcer on her left heel, after having burnt her foot in a hot bath. A number of depigmented areas are readily seen over her upper limbs. She is currently taking low-dose prednisolone (7.5 mg daily), alendronic acid, lansoprazole, paracetamol, indomethacin, methotrexate and rituximab. Her blood tests demonstrate: Haemoglobin 9.9 g/l, MCV 102 fl, Platelets 410 x 109/L, White blood cells 12.3 x 109/L, Vitamin B12 97 pg/ml, Folate 12.3ng/ml, Random blood glucose 9.9 mmol/L, Thyroid-stimulating hormone 4.7 mU/ml, Thyroxine 12.8 pmol/L. Which autoantibody would be most diagnostic for the underlying disease?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Anti-intrinsic factor (IF)

      Explanation:

      This clinical scenario describes pernicious anaemia. Anti-intrinsic factor (IF) antibodies are most specific for pernicious anaemia. Antigastric parietal cell antibodies have a higher sensitivity but are less specific for pernicious anaemia. The other antibodies listed are not related to pernicious anaemia. Anti-TTG is seen with Celiac’s disease, anti-TPO is seen with thyroid disease, GAD is seen with type I diabetes, but this does not explain her anaemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 19 - In which part of the body is conjugated bilirubin metabolised to urobilinogen? ...

    Incorrect

    • In which part of the body is conjugated bilirubin metabolised to urobilinogen?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Large intestine

      Explanation:

      Urobiligen is produced by the action of bacteria on bilirubin in the intestine. As a reminder, unconjugated bilirubin becomes conjugated in the hepatocyte. Conjugated bilirubin goes through enterohepatic circulation. About half of the urobiligen is reabsorbed and excreted by the kidneys in the urine. The rest is converted to stercobilinogen –> stercobilin, which is excreted in stool, giving it its brown colour.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 20 - A 53-year-old man is brought into the emergency department by the paramedics. He...

    Incorrect

    • A 53-year-old man is brought into the emergency department by the paramedics. He collapsed oat home suffering from a myocardial infarction and was subsequently resuscitated following a cardiac arrest. Blood tests show impaired liver function (ALT 1400 u/l). He is on a statin, and at his appointment last week his LFT was normal. There is nothing to note on examination and he is currently not complaining of any pain. Given this man's presentation, what is the most likely cause of his impaired liver function tests?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ischaemic hepatitis

      Explanation:

      When you have abnormal liver function tests after a cardiac arrest, the most likely aetiology, barring history that is known or given excluding this diagnosis, would be ischemia. Chronic alcohol abuse would not see an acute elevation like this. Hepatitis B is just unlikely given the clinical picture, ischemia is much more likely. The same is for Budd-Chiari syndrome (venous thrombosis) and Wilson’s disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 21 - A 32-year-old man presents with progressive central abdominal pain and vomiting associated with...

    Incorrect

    • A 32-year-old man presents with progressive central abdominal pain and vomiting associated with significant weight loss (five stone in 3 months).He gives a history of binge drinking and depression, and smokes twenty cigarettes per day. Because eating provokes abdominal pain and vomiting, he has eaten virtually nothing for a month. CT scanning of his abdomen showed a normal pancreas but dilated loops of small bowel with a possible terminal ileal stricture. His albumin level was 20 and C-reactive protein level was 50. Which statement is NOT true?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Infliximab should be prescribed as soon as possible

      Explanation:

      Stricturing is associated with Crohn’s disease, and elevated CRP supports this diagnosis in this patient, as well. Infliximab should not yet be started. Acute treatment is steroids (of a flare) however this man needs surgery. Although surgery should be avoided if at all possible in Crohn’s disease, and minimal surgery should occur (resecting as little as possible, given possible need for future resections), including possible stricturoplasty instead of resection. Chronic pancreatitis is unlikely given it would not cause stricture. Patients undergoing surgery should always have informed consent, which always includes risk of a stoma for any bowel surgery. Given the amount of weight he has lost he is at significant risk for refeeding syndrome, which can cause hypokalaemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 22 - A baby is born to a mother who is known to have chronic...

    Incorrect

    • A baby is born to a mother who is known to have chronic hepatitis B. The mothers latest results are as follows: HBsAg: Positive, HBeAg: Positive. What is the most appropriate strategy for reducing the vertical transmission rate?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Give the newborn hepatitis B vaccine + hepatitis B immunoglobulin

      Explanation:

      The Green Book guidelines report in an active infection (HBeAg+ and HBsAg+) to give the vaccine as well as immunoglobulin. If antibodies are present it is not active infection (anti-Hbe) and then in that case only the vaccine, and no immunoglobulin, would be given. The presence of HBeAg means a person is infectious and can transmit to other people.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 23 - A 27 year old woman presents with diarrhoea. She has had a previous...

    Incorrect

    • A 27 year old woman presents with diarrhoea. She has had a previous ileal resection for Crohn's Disease. Her inflammatory markers are normal. What is the most likely cause of her diarrhoea?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Bile Acid Malabsorption

      Explanation:

      The question describes a patient who has had an ileal resection. Bile acids are reabsorbed in the distal ileum. Since this has been resected in this patient, one would expect her to have malabsorption of bile acids, causing her diarrhoea. This is a more likely correct answer than a Crohn’s flare, bacterial overgrowth, gastroenteritis, or tropical sprue, given the details included in the question prompt.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 24 - Which of the following forms of acute viral hepatitis has a much higher...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following forms of acute viral hepatitis has a much higher mortality in pregnant than non-pregnant females?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hepatitis E

      Explanation:

      Pregnant patient in a third world country with hepatitis: The answer is most likely Hepatitis E. The mortality for Hepatitis E in pregnant women is very high. It is transmitted faecal-orally. There is no hepatitis G. Hepatitis C, B, A are less likely to be the correct answer than E given it’s classic association with pregnancy and poor living conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 25 - A 28-year-old man who is admitted with bright red haematemesis, which occurred after...

    Incorrect

    • A 28-year-old man who is admitted with bright red haematemesis, which occurred after a bout of vomiting. He had been out with friends on a stag party and consumed 12 pints of beer. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy proves unremarkable and haemoglobin (Hb) is stable at 12.5 g/dl the morning after admission, there is no sign of circulatory compromise. There have been no previous similar episodes. Which of the following stems represents the best course of action for this patient?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Send home

      Explanation:

      This is a classic clinical presentation, with alcohol intake and nausea/vomiting that leads to hematemesis, of a Mallory-Weiss tear. In Mallory-Weiss tear, they typically present as a hemodynamically stable patient after a night of binge drinking and excessive resultant vomiting. Given his EGD did not show any other pathology and he is now stable, he can be discharged home.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 26 - A 36-year-old man is being investigated for recurrent gastric and duodenal ulceration diagnosed...

    Incorrect

    • A 36-year-old man is being investigated for recurrent gastric and duodenal ulceration diagnosed at endoscopy. He has suffered from bouts of abdominal pain and intermittent diarrhoea although his weight is stable. Some of his investigations results are: Basal acid secretion 20 mEq/h (1–5), Fasting gastrin 200 pg/ml (<100), Secretin test: Basal gastrin 200pg/ml, Post-secretin 500pg/ml. Which of the following are responsible for the elevated gastrin levels?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gastrinoma

      Explanation:

      This case describes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is characterized by refractory peptic ulcer disease, often multiple ulcers. This is typically caused by secretion of gastrin from a gastrinoma, a neuroendocrine tumour. The most common site of ulceration is the duodenum. A symptom of a pancreatic gastrinoma may be steatorrhea from hypersecretion of gastrin. Serum gastrin levels > 1000 and a pH < 2 are diagnostic of pancreatic gastrinoma. The secretin test is a test that can differentiate gastrinoma from other causes of high gastrin levels. Gastrin will rise after secretin injection if the patient has a gastrinoma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 27 - Which one of the following is most associated with the development of acute...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is most associated with the development of acute pancreatitis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hyperchylomicronaemia

      Explanation:

      Hyperchylomicronaemia is an increase (markedly) in chylomicrons, and this can cause acute pancreatitis, as well as xanthomas. It can be seen in familial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency, primary type V hyperlipoproteinemia, idiopathic hyperchylomicronaemia, and familial apolipoprotein CII deficiency. Treatment is dietary fat restriction in order to avoid pancreatitis attacks.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 28 - A 25-year-old woman is reviewed in clinic. She was previously treated with omeprazole,...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old woman is reviewed in clinic. She was previously treated with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). She remains on PPI therapy but continues to have epigastric discomfort. You suspect she has ongoing H. pylori infection and request a urea breath test to investigate this. How long would the patient need to stop her PPI therapy before the urea breath test?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 14 days

      Explanation:

      PPI will affect the accuracy of the test. In general, most recommend discontinuing PPI therapy for 2 weeks prior to a urea breath test. PPI’s have an anti-H. pylori effect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 29 - A 55-year-old man develops central abdominal pain a few hours after having an...

    Incorrect

    • A 55-year-old man develops central abdominal pain a few hours after having an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) performed. Investigations reveal the following: Amylase: 545 u/dL, Erect chest x-ray: Normal heart and lungs and no free air noted. What is the most appropriate management?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Intravenous fluids + analgesia

      Explanation:

      A very common complication after ERCP is post-ERCP pancreatitis, which based on the clinical scenario , this man has. The treatment for this is pain control, lots of intravenous fluids, and traditionally bowel rest, although more recent evidence suggests early feeding is better.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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  • Question 30 - A 28-year-old patient presents with inflammatory bowel disease. 5-ASA would be most appropriate...

    Incorrect

    • A 28-year-old patient presents with inflammatory bowel disease. 5-ASA would be most appropriate in treating which condition?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis

      Explanation:

      5-ASA is not an acute treatment; it is for maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn’s. The most benefit is seen in patients with ulcerative colitis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastroenterology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastroenterology (2/8) 25%
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