A 65-year-old woman came to her GP with a complaint of painless blurring and distortion of central vision and difficulty with night vision that has been going on for 2 years. She reports that her vision is sometimes poor and sometimes better. During the examination using a direct ophthalmoscope, yellow deposits were observed at the macula. What is the initial treatment for this patient’s eye condition?
A 45-year-old man arrives at the emergency department with complaints of severe eye pain, headache, nausea, and vomiting. He has no notable medical history and is not taking any medications. Upon examination, his eye appears red, the pupil is fixed and dilated, and the cornea has a cloudy appearance.
What are the initial treatment options for this condition?
A 53-year-old male presents to the acute medical admissions unit with a one-day history of left-sided headache, retro-orbital pain, and dull facial pain on the left side. He has a medical history of hypertension and migraine and is currently taking ramipril 2.5mg. Upon examination, he displays partial ptosis and enophthalmos of the left eye, with anisocoria and miosis of the same eye. His visual acuity is 6/6 in both eyes, and the rest of his neurological exam is unremarkable, with normal sweating bilaterally. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
A 65-year-old man presents for his regular diabetic eye screening. He had visited his GP recently and had his blood sugar levels under control. During the examination, cotton wool spots and neovascularisation are observed throughout the retina, leading to a diagnosis of proliferative retinopathy. What is the most effective treatment for this condition?
A 28-year-old woman comes to the Eye Casualty complaining of a painful decrease in vision in her left eye that has been occurring over the past six hours. She reports no other symptoms.
During the examination, her right eye has a visual acuity of 6/6, while her left eye has a visual acuity of 6/36. The left eye has reduced color vision. Eye movements do not show any double vision, but the pain intensifies. The swinging torch test is performed, and it is discovered that the left pupil dilates when the torch light is moved from the right eye to the left. Dilated fundoscopy reveals a swollen optic disc and exudates that align like a star at the macula in the left eye.
What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 68-year-old woman comes to the eye casualty department complaining of a gradual decline in her vision over the past 8 years. She reports difficulty reading books due to this issue. Upon examination, a central visual impairment is observed, and the patient displays metamorphopsia when using an Amsler grid. Fundoscopy reveals small yellow deposits in the macula. What is the most suitable medical treatment for this patient, given the most probable diagnosis?
A 6-year-old girl presents to the hospital with a 3 days history of painful swelling in the right eye.
On examination, the girl appears agitated and is crying continuously. Her temperature is 38.5°C and other vital signs are within normal limits. On examination of the affected eye, the eyelid is swollen and red. Proptosis of the right eye is observed, and there seems to be limited ocular movement as well. The globe is unaffected, and the other eye is normal. There are no signs of systemic involvement.
What imaging modality should be performed to confirm the most probable diagnosis and assess for potential complications?
A 35-year-old female patient complains of a painless red eye that has been present for 2 days. She reports no other symptoms and has not experienced any vision changes. The patient has no significant medical history and is not taking any long-term medications. During the examination, both eyes appear red and injected. When applying light pressure with a cotton bud, the injected vessels appear to move. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 49-year-old man comes to the emergency department complaining of sudden painless loss of vision on the left side. He reports experiencing dark ‘floaters’ in his vision and a ‘red hue’ before losing vision completely on the affected side. The symptoms were most severe when lying flat. The patient has a medical history of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and a metallic aortic valve for which he takes warfarin. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 65-year-old man presents with sudden vision loss in his right eye and dark floaters over the past few weeks. Fundoscopy is challenging due to patches of redness obscuring the fundus. He has a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and takes metformin, pioglitazone, atorvastatin, and dapagliflozin. He is concerned about having a stroke, as his father had one in the past. What is the most probable diagnosis?