A 60-year-old woman presents with a complaint of seeing an ‘arc of white light and some cobwebs’ in her vision for the past week. She reports no pain or recent trauma. The patient has a history of myopia in both eyes. Upon examination, her vision is 6/9 in both eyes and the anterior segments appear normal. Dilated fundoscopy reveals no horseshoe tear in either eye. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 68-year-old man visits his GP with concerns about unusual symptoms in his eyes. He reports experiencing flashes of light in his eyes for a few days and has also noticed dark specks floating around in his vision. He denies any discomfort. The patient is nearsighted and wears glasses, but has no significant medical history. Upon examination, his visual acuity and fields are normal. What is the probable cause of his symptoms?
A 35-year-old male comes to you with a complaint of sudden vision loss. He denies any previous symptoms or head injury and reports no pain. Upon conducting a fundoscopy, you observe significant retinal haemorrhages. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 75-year-old male with type 2 diabetes mellitus presents for his annual diabetic eye screening. He was previously diagnosed with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) when micro-aneurysms were observed during retinal examination. However, during this visit, cotton wool spots are also detected in both eyes. What is the underlying pathophysiology of this new discovery?
A 75-year-old man comes to the General Practitioner (GP) complaining of painless sudden vision loss in his eyes. Upon examination, the GP observes a right homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing. Where is the lesion located that is responsible for this visual field defect?
A 75-year-old man comes to the General Practitioner (GP) complaining of painless sudden vision loss in his eyes. Upon examination, the GP observes a right homonymous superior quadrantanopia. Where is the lesion located that is responsible for this visual field defect?
A 67-year-old man visits his doctor with a complaint of double vision. He reports that he has developed a squint and his left eye seems to be turning inwards towards his nose. During the examination, the doctor observes that the patient is unable to move his left eye to the left and diagnoses him with a lateral rectus palsy. Which cranial nerve lesion is the most probable cause of his symptoms?
A 60-year-old man presents to the Emergency Department with a 1-day history of sudden loss of vision in the left eye. He complains of recent new-onset headache, particularly painful when combing his hair in the morning. He also has pain in his jaw when eating his meals.
His past medical history includes polymyalgia rheumatica, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
On examination, his vision is 6/9 in the right eye, 6/60 in the left eye. Palpation of the temporal arteries reveals that they are non-pulsatile. The left pupil, on swinging torch test, dilates when the light is swung from the right to the left. On dilated fundoscopy, a swollen optic disc and some surrounding disc haemorrhages in the left can be seen. The rest of the retina looks normal bilaterally.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
A 72-year-old myopic man with a history of hypertension arrives at the clinic complaining of a sudden, painless decrease in his vision. He reports a dense shadow obstructing his left eye, which began in the periphery and has advanced towards the center of his vision.
During the examination, he can only perceive hand movements in his left eye, while his right eye has a visual acuity of 6/6. What is the probable reason for the vision loss?
A 54-year-old man visits his GP complaining of blurred vision that has been ongoing for 3 days. He has a medical history of hypertension, which is being managed with amlodipine, ramipril, and indapamide, as well as type II diabetes mellitus, which is well controlled with metformin.
During the examination, his visual acuity is found to be 6/18 in both eyes with a reduction in colour vision. There is no relative afferent pupillary defect. Upon direct fundoscopy, the optic disc margins appear ill-defined and raised in both eyes. Additionally, there are cotton-wool spots scattered around the retina in both eyes.
What is the most likely diagnosis?