An 80-year-old man presents with complaints of blurred vision. Upon fundoscopy, drusen, retinal epithelial changes, and macular neovascularisation are noted. The clinician suspects age-related macular degeneration. What would be the most suitable follow-up investigation?
A 50-year-old woman presents to the eye emergency department with complaints of blurred vision and sensitivity to bright lights. She has a medical history of asthma, polymyalgia rheumatica, and gout. During the examination, the ophthalmologist identifies a subcapsular cataract in her left eye, located just beneath the lens in the visual axis.
What is the most significant risk factor for subcapsular cataracts?
A 38-year-old woman comes to the emergency department with a complaint of unequal pupil size. Upon examination, there is an anisocoria of >1mm. The anisocoria appears to be more pronounced when a light is shone on the patient’s face compared to when the room is darkened. The patient’s eye movements are normal, and a slit-lamp examination reveals no evidence of synechiae. What possible condition could be responsible for these findings?
A 70-year-old man has been experiencing a gradual decline in his vision in both eyes. He is struggling to read and recognize faces, and has had multiple falls due to difficulty in perceiving edges of objects such as stairs. Upon examination with a slit-lamp, amber retinal deposits are observed but no signs of neovascularisation are present. The patient has a medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is currently taking amlodipine and metformin. He has been a heavy smoker for the past 40 years, smoking 30 cigarettes a day, but does not consume alcohol. What is the most appropriate treatment option for this patient’s likely diagnosis?
A parent brings her daughter in for surgery suspecting a squint. She believes her left eye is ‘turned inwards’. You conduct a cover test to gather more information. What result would indicate a left esotropia?
A 42-year-old man comes to his General Practitioner complaining of erythema around his right eye and limited eye movements for the past 2 days. He has been experiencing sinusitis symptoms for the last week. During the examination of his right eye, the doctor observes erythema around the eye, proptosis, painful and restricted eye movements, and decreased visual acuity. The examination of his left eye is normal.
What is the most suitable test to perform?
A 26-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of painful eye movements and swelling in his left eye. He has a history of chronic sinusitis but is otherwise healthy. Upon examination, his left eye is completely swollen shut with significant eyelid swelling and redness that extends from his cheekbone to his eyebrow. When the eye is opened manually, there is chemosis. What is the best initial treatment for this patient?
A 62-years-old-man presents to the pulmonology clinic with a recent onset of ptosis in his right upper lid. He has been experiencing a chronic cough for the past three months, accompanied by streaks of blood. Upon radiological examination, an opacification is observed in the upper right part of his chest. The patient appears cachexic and unwell, with a BMI of 18 kg/m² and a fasting blood sugar level of 8.3 mmol/L. What other clinical findings may be present in this patient?
A 60-year-old woman visits her GP complaining of painless, gradual vision loss in both eyes. During the examination, the GP observes bitemporal hemianopia. Where is the lesion located that is causing this visual field defect?
A 75-year-old man comes to the General Practitioner (GP) complaining of painless sudden vision loss in his eyes. Upon examination, the GP observes a left homonymous hemianopia. What is the site of the lesion responsible for this visual field defect?