A 23-year-old female who is overweight visits her doctor complaining of daily headaches that have been ongoing for two weeks. The headaches are felt on both sides of her forehead, persist throughout the day, and intensify when she bends over. She does not experience any aura with the headaches. During a fundoscopy, the doctor notices blurring of the optic disc. What is the probable diagnosis?
A 7-year-old girl visits her GP complaining of a swollen left eye. She noticed it while playing outside in the park. Her mother is concerned because she is having difficulty reading her books. The girl has no medical history, and this has never happened before.
During the examination, the left eyelid is warm and red, and the eye seems to be bulging. The girl’s eye movements are limited in all directions. The right eye appears normal. Her heart rate is 120 beats/minute, and her temperature is 37.9ºC.
What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 65-year-old patient is receiving medical treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma and experiences side effects of increased eyelash length, iris, and periocular pigmentation. What medication class is responsible for these effects?
A 72-year-old man visits his GP complaining of a sudden onset of unilateral ptosis on the left side. During the examination, the doctor observes anisocoria with miosis of the left pupil and anhidrosis of his left face, arm, and trunk. The patient reports no pain in the left arm or scapular region. He has a history of smoking for 45 pack-years. A chest X-ray is performed, but it shows no abnormalities. What is the probable cause of this condition?
A 25-year-old woman presents to the Eye Casualty with a sudden onset of pain and reduced vision in her left eye over the past few hours. She denies any other symptoms.
Upon examination, her right eye has a visual acuity of 6/6 while her left eye has a visual acuity of 6/36 with reduced colour vision. Eye movements are normal, but the pain worsens. The swinging torch test reveals left pupil dilation when the torch light is swung from the right eye to the left.
A dilated fundoscopy shows normal optic discs in both eyes. An MRI scan of the head reveals white matter lesions in two different areas of the brain. An LP and CSF analysis show oligoclonal bands.
What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?
A 60-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of a gradual onset of weakness in his legs, arms, neck, and face. He notices that his muscle strength improves after some exercise.
During the examination, the doctor observes weakness in all limbs, particularly in the proximal arms and legs, and ptosis in both eyelids. The patient has a history of heavy smoking for 45 pack-years and was recently diagnosed with lung cancer.
What is the probable diagnosis?
A client of yours has been diagnosed with Horner’s syndrome. What is the most probable symptom that will be observed?
A 55-year-old man visited his GP complaining of a gradual blurring of vision in his right eye. He underwent cataract surgery on the same eye five years ago. Despite wearing reading glasses, he noticed no improvement. During the examination, his left eye had a visual acuity of 6/18, while his right eye had a visual acuity of 6/9. What possible diagnosis could explain his symptoms in the right eye?
A 60-year-old woman presented with a complaint of gradual loss of vision in her right eye over the past 3 days. She reported a sensation of a ‘curtain’ coming from the right inferotemporal side towards the centre, along with flashes of lights at the right inferotemporal side and an increase in the number of floaters in her right eye. Upon examination, her vision in the right eye was measured at 6/18, while her left eye was 6/6. What is the most likely diagnosis?
An 82-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his son. He is experiencing a severe headache around his left eye, significant nausea, and a few episodes of vomiting for the past 2 hours. He also complains of blurred vision and seeing halos with bright lights.
Upon examination, his left pupil is semi-dilated and non-reactive, and there is no evidence of papilloedema.
What is the most definitive treatment for this patient’s most likely diagnosis once his condition is stable?