A 28-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes comes in for her yearly check-up. During the examination, her urine test shows positive results for protein. Upon reviewing her medical records, it is discovered that this is the first time she has had proteinuria. What further tests should be conducted to investigate this finding?
A 56-year-old diabetic female comes in with cellulitis of the left foot, spreading from an ulcer on the plantar surface of the head of the left third metatarsal that had been present for 3 weeks before the onset of cellulitis. She was given oral flucloxacillin and the cellulitis improved, but after a week of treatment, the ulcer was still discharging and there was a tender area of swelling over the ulcer on examination. What is the most probable reason for this?
A 21-year-old male was playing a soccer match when he suddenly felt a ‘pop’ in his right foot while attempting a kick. He experienced significant pain and was unable to properly bear weight on the affected side. He is brought to the emergency department. During the examination, he is instructed to lie face down with his feet hanging off the edge of the examination bed. Upon squeezing the calf on the affected leg, there was no movement of his foot. What would be the primary imaging technique to confirm the probable diagnosis?
A 67-year-old man comes to see his doctor after a recent hospitalization for a fall resulting in a fractured hip. He is now stable and wants to know how he can reduce his risk of future bone fractures. The doctor recommends attending strength and balance classes and prescribes medication to increase bone density. The patient reports consuming milk and yogurt daily.
Prior to making any recommendations, the doctor orders a blood test, which reveals the following results:
– Vitamin D: 34 ng/L (20-50)
– Calcium: 4.8 mg/dL (4.8-5.6)
– Phosphate: 3.2 mg/dL (2.8-4.5)
What advice should the doctor give to the patient based on these results?
A 28-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of increasing pain in his left forefoot over the past three weeks. He is an avid runner, typically running for two to three hours daily, but has never experienced this issue before. There is no history of direct injury to the foot. Upon examination, he is afebrile with a pulse rate of 88 beats per minute, blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, and respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute. Point tenderness is noted on the left foot, but there is no swelling. X-ray results reveal periosteal thickening, and a diagnosis of metatarsal stress fracture is made. Which metatarsal is most likely affected?
A 68-year-old woman visits her GP for a wound check, one week after undergoing a total knee replacement surgery. Despite a smooth recovery and increased mobility, she complains of difficulty in dorsiflexing her foot while walking. Based on this information, which structure is most likely to have been affected during the TKA procedure?
A 65-year-old male comes to the clinic complaining of intense lower back pain that extends down one of his legs. Despite having a manual job, he denies any history of injury. During the examination, it is noted that he has diminished perianal sensation and anal tone.
What would be considered a late sign in this patient’s diagnosis, indicating possible irreversible damage?
Samantha is a 65-year-old woman who loves going on hikes and spends a lot of time tending to her flower garden. Unfortunately, she recently fell and suffered an undisplaced intracapsular neck of femur fracture. What is the best course of action for managing Samantha’s hip fracture?
A 38-year-old ex-intravenous drug user is starting hepatitis C treatment with interferon-alpha and ribavirin. What are the most probable side effects of interferon-alpha treatment?
A 67-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis complains of pain in her left middle finger when she tries to bend it. She also experienced it getting ‘stuck’ once. During examination, a palpable nodule is found at the base of the finger. What is the probable diagnosis?