A 32-year-old woman who is 8 weeks pregnant comes in with symptoms of ‘cystitis’. She reports experiencing dysuria, suprapubic pains, and frequency for the past two days. She denies any vaginal bleeding. Upon urine dipstick testing, leucocytes and nitrites are present. Her temperature is 37.6ºC. What is the best course of action for management?
A 47-year-old man undergoes evaluation for hypertension and is discovered to have blood + on a urine dipstick from a recently voided sample. What could be the possible cause of this result?
A 67-year-old woman presents with vomiting and diarrhoea. Blood tests reveal an AKI with the following results, which were normal during her last check-up with her GP 3 weeks ago. She is given intravenous fluids and a renal ultrasound scan is scheduled.
Creatinine 180 umol/l
Urea 10 mmol/l
eGFR 25 ml/min
Which medication should be discontinued until her renal function returns to normal?
A 25-year-old man presents with facial and ankle swelling that has been gradually developing over the past week. He reports passing ‘frothy’ urine during the review of systems. A urine dipstick reveals protein +++ and a diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome is confirmed after a 24-hour urine sample. What is the probable cause of this presentation?
A 50-year-old woman is discovered in cardiac arrest and her blood test shows:
Sodium 130 mmol/l (135-145)
Potassium 7.3mmol/l (3.5-5.0)
Urea 9.1mmol/l (2.5-7.0)
Creatinine 167 mmol/l (60-110)
To begin with, she is administered IV calcium gluconate.
What effect does this medication have on the electrolyte levels?
A 70-year-old with chronic kidney disease stage 4 and metastatic prostate cancer is experiencing uncontrolled pain despite taking co-codamol. Considering his impaired renal function, which opioid would be the most suitable option to alleviate his pain?
A 26-year-old woman is recuperating from a kidney transplant. Within 24 hours of the surgery, she complains of increased discomfort at the transplant site. Upon examination, she has a fever, tenderness at the transplant site, and has not produced urine since the procedure. Her creatinine levels have significantly increased in the past 24 hours. What is the fundamental mechanism behind her rejection?
You are clerking a 26-year-old in the emergency department. He reports experiencing painful prolonged erection of the penis for the third time. What could be the probable cause of his recurrent presentations?
A 68-year-old male patient presents to the emergency department with rapidly worsening testicular pain, redness, and swelling. Upon initial assessment, his vital signs are as follows: temperature of 38.1ºC, heart rate of 104 bpm, respiratory rate of 16/min, oxygen saturations of 97% on room air, and a blood pressure of 106/91 mmHg. The patient has a medical history of type 2 diabetes, heart failure, osteoarthritis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Which medication is most likely responsible for his current presentation?
A 25-year-old man presents to your GP clinic with concerns of a possible urinary tract infection. He reports experiencing burning sensations during urination for the past two weeks, particularly in the morning. Additionally, he has noticed some itching around his penis. The patient has no significant medical history. During the examination, you observe that his abdomen is soft and nontender. Upon performing a urine dip, you find that it is positive for leukocytes. What is the most probable cause of his symptoms?