A 21-year-old male patient visits his GP complaining of visible blood in his urine for the past day. He reports no pain while urinating or abdominal pain. He has no significant medical history and is not taking any regular medications. He had a mild cold four days ago. Upon analysis, his urine shows positive for blood and trace amounts of protein, but negative for leucocytes, nitrites, and glucose. What is the most probable diagnosis?
A 64-year-old man with chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus is being evaluated. In evaluating his estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which of the following variables is not necessary for the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation?
A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with generalised facial swelling. He recently recovered from viral pharyngitis. He is otherwise healthy and meeting developmental milestones.
Upon examination, he is alert and not experiencing any respiratory distress. There is pitting edema in his face and legs.
Urinalysis reveals 4+ protein and no hematuria. Blood tests show a hemoglobin level of 180 g/L (normal range for males: 135-180, females: 115-160), platelets at 450 * 109/L (normal range: 150-400), WBC at 8.0 * 109/L (normal range: 4.0-11.0), bilirubin at 12 µmol/L (normal range: 3-17), ALP at 60 u/L (normal range: 30-100), ALT at 35 u/L (normal range: 3-40), γGT at 32 u/L (normal range: 8-60), and albumin at 10 g/L (normal range: 35-50).
What is the recommended first-line treatment option for this likely diagnosis?
A 67-year-old male presents to an urgent care centre with concerns about decreased frequency of urination. He reports only urinating once in the past 12 hours and feels unable to urinate despite the urge to do so. The patient has a medical history of diabetes mellitus managed with metformin and chronic back pain managed with ibuprofen and PPI cover. He has no known allergies. Blood tests reveal the following results: Na+ 139 mmol/L (135 – 145), K+ 4.8 mmol/L (3.5 – 5.0), Bicarbonate 22 mmol/L (22 – 29), Urea 7.1 mmol/L (2.0 – 7.0), and Creatinine 200 µmol/L (55 – 120). The patient’s previous creatinine level was 119 µmol/L. The general practitioner refers the patient to the emergency department for further investigation. What is the correct classification?
A 72 year old man presents with a 6 day history of vomiting and diarrhoea. His blood results show Na+ 142 mmol/l, K+ 5.9 mmol/l, urea 14 mmol/l, and creatinine 320 mmol/l. His renal function was normal on routine blood tests 2 months ago. What finding is most indicative of acute tubular necrosis in this patient?
A 72-year-old man is brought in by ambulance after being found on the floor early in the morning. He states that he tripped and fell in the evening and could not get up or get help. The following U&Es were taken:
Na+ 135 mmol/l
K+ 5.7 mmol/l
Creatinine 347 mmol/l
Urea 9.8 mmol/l
Creatine kinase 14,550 I/U
What could be the possible reason for this clinical presentation?
A 47-year-old man presents with complaints of fever, back pain, and painful urination. Upon examination, suprapubic tenderness and tender prostate are noted. The diagnosis of acute prostatitis is suspected. What is the most suitable treatment for this patient?
A 50-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of dysuria. She denies any cough, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, or changes in bowel habits. She has a medical history of breast cancer and is currently undergoing treatment with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.
Upon examination, her temperature is 38.1ºC, her heart rate is 93 bpm, her blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg, and her oxygen saturations are 97% on room air. Cardiovascular and abdominal examinations reveal no abnormalities. There are no visible skin changes and she does not appear to be visibly ill.
What is the most appropriate next step in her management?
A 7-year-old girl is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and a presumptive diagnosis of minimal change glomerulonephritis is made. What would be the most suitable course of treatment?
A 67-year-old man with a history of multiple myeloma complains of confusion, abdominal pain, and excessive thirst. The following blood results are available:
– Sodium: 145 mmol/L
– Potassium: 4.1 mmol/L
– Albumin: 35 g/L
– Calcium: 3.55 mmol/L
– Alkaline phosphatase: 120 IU/L
– Urea: 7.2 mmol/L
– Creatinine: 130 µmol/L
What is the primary initial approach to managing his symptoms?